Definition and Examples of Infinitive Phrases

Definition and Examples of Infinitive Phrases Definition In English grammar, an infinitive phrase is a  verbal construction made up of the particle to and the base form of a verb, with or without modifiers, complements, and objects. Also called an  infinitival phrase and a to-infinitive phrase. An infinitive phrase can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb, and it can appear in various places in a sentence. Examples and Observations The only way to never fail is to never attempt anything.â€Å"To laugh  is  to live profoundly.†(Milan Kundera,  The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, 1979)The specific images presented on film are often hard to remember in the same way that dreams are hard to remember.(J. F. Pagel, The Limits of Dream. Academic Press, 2008)[N]ot everyone has the same ability to remember dreams.(Peretz Lavie, The Enchanted World of Sleep. Yale University Press, 1996)In the course of my life I have often had to eat my words, and I must confess that I have always found it a wholesome diet.(Winston Churchill, quoted in Churchill by Himself by Richard Langworth. PublicAffairs, 2008)Im Luke Skywalker. Im here to rescue you.(Mark Hamill as Luke in Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, 1977)Jane and Frank had driven cross-country to rescue you from the paint-peeling orphanage in Lovelock.(Charles Stross, Rule 34. Ace, 2011)Im honored to be the first woman to have the opportunity to command the shutt le.(U.S. Air Force Colonel Eileen Collins, July 1999) I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I had come to die, discover that I had not lived.(Henry David Thoreau, Walden, 1854)Yes, yes, the past gets in the way; it trips us up, bogs us down; it complicates, makes difficult. But to ignore this is folly, because, above all, what history teaches us is to avoid illusion and make-believe, to lay aside dreams, moonshine, cure-alls, wonder-workings, pie-in-the skyto be realistic.(Graham Swift, Waterland. Poseidon Press, 1983) Infinitives With Delayed Subjects There is a relationship between it and the infinitive phrase in the sentence It took so long to get there? One role that an infinitive can fill is that of the delayed subject. Sentences with delayed subjects always begin with the dummy it, a dummy element that takes the place of some word(s) in a sentence. . . . In the callers sentence, the dummy it fills the place of the subject to get there. The true subject, the infinitive phrase, is delayed till the end of the sentence. To verify that this is truly a delayed subject, replace the dummy it with the infinitive phrase. To get there took so long. The infinitive phrase moves easily from its place at the end as a delayed subject to the front of the sentence where it becomes a normal subject.(Michael Strumpf and Auriel Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl Book, 2004) Infinitives With For [A] variant of the infinitive phrase begins with for and is often followed by a personal noun or pronoun. Examples for these are: [INFINITIVES WITH FOR] Physicians are generally eligible for independent licensure to practice primary care specialities at this point. Federal officials said they leave time for parents to make arrangements for their children, and refer them to a social service agency if necessary. I said all right; then the thing for us to do was to go for the magicians. In general speech and writing, we tend to shorten infinitives to the particle plus verb base for general reference. a. [INFINITIVE PHRASE] I said, all right; then the thing for us to do was to go for the magicians. b. [HI/INFINITIVE PHRASE REDUCED] I said, all right; then the thing . . . to do was to go for the magicians. However, if the reference is specific to a person, thing or topic, it is necessary to include it. a. [SPECIFIC NOUN INFINITIVE PHRASE/HI]​​ It was no new thing for David to play the sunset. By the end of a fortnight David had brought his fathers violin for Joe to practice on. Whichever way it was, there was always sure to be something waiting at the end for him and his violin to discover. Because the reference is made specifically to David, Joe, and him and his violin, the infinitive phrase cannot be shortened without losing part of the meaning of the sentence. (Bernard ODwyer, Modern English Structures: Form, Function, And Position, 2nd ed. Broadview, 2006)

How to Say Hello in 30 Different Languages

How to Say Hello in 30 Different Languages SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It’s estimated that there are anywhere from 3,000 to 5,000 different language dialects currently spoken around the world. If you’re a world traveler or just interested in other cultures, you might be interested in learning to say hello in different languages. While we won’t cover all 5,000 here, we will teach you how to greet people in 60 different ways. How to Say Hello in Different Languages The chart below outlines how to say hello in thirty different languages. Language Informal Greeting Formal Greeting Arabic Ahlan Asalaam alaikum Bulgarian Zdrasti Zdraveĭte Chinese NÇ  hÇŽo NÇ n hÇŽo Dutch Hallo Goede dag English Hey Hello French Salut Bonjour Gaelic Hug Dia dhuit German Hallo Guten tag Greek Yasou Kalimera Hebrew Shalom Shalom aleichem Hindi HÄ“ NamastÄ“ Icelandic Hallà ³ Gà ³Ãƒ °an dag Indonesian Salam! Selamat siang Italian Ciao Salve Japanese YÄ , _YÃ…  Konnichiwa Khmer Suosdei Suostei Korean Anyoung Anyoung haseyo Polish Hej Cześć Polish Cześć! DzieÅ„ dobry! Portuguese Oi Ol Romanian Hei BunÄÆ' ziua Russian Privet Zdravstvuyte Spanish  ¿Quà © tal? Hola Swahili Hujambo Habari Swedish Hej God dag Tahitian Ia ora na Ia ora na Turkish Selam Merhaba Vietnamese Cho Xin cho Welsh Helo Shwmae Zulu Sawubona Ngiyakwemukela When to Use the Formal or Informal Version of â€Å"Hello† Think about how you say hello to your friends versus how you say hello to your friends’ parents. When you’re speaking to older people or people that you don’t know very well, you’ll want to use a more formal version of a greeting. Formal greetings are appropriate in most business situations or situations where transactions are occurring, such as at a store or in a restaurant. If you’re not sure, it’s a good idea to wait until someone speaks casually to you before speaking casually to them. Pay attention to what the people around you are saying. What makes something formal or informal varies by language and location. You’ll likely find that people start to use casual greetings over time, once you get to know them more. When in doubt, use a formal greeting. Final Thoughts Learning to say hello in different languages is a fun way to get to know the local culture when you travel. Use these greetings on your next journey abroad. What's Next? Interested in learning Japanese?Learn how to say "good morning" in Japanese, plus nine other key greetings. Want to learn the longest word in Italian? Check out our article on how to say "hello" (and other things) in Italian (coming soon). What's the best foreign language to take in high school?If you're wondering which language to study, check out our guideon which foreign language you should learn in school.

Conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Conclusion - Essay Example It is quite apparent from the study that Primark has indeed created a niche for itself even in these challenging times. In fact, the strategy of competitors to label Primark as a 'cheap' brand while making efforts to label their own brands as premium ones' has not worked to their advantage. Instead Primark seems to have taken a lead in understanding the requirements of the common consumer and offering them value for money. Primark seems to believe in market penetration strategy, while passing on maximum benefits to the consumer and thus playing the volume game. Primark has opened up stores in UK and Ireland at vantage points, the places most frequented by the common consumer. Thus saving on the marketing communication costs to a great extent. Today marketing communication forms an integral cost component of any business proposition. If a company can save on this expenditure to some extent while making itself visible amongst the existing and prospective customers, then it helps in lev eraging the economies of scale. These costs can be passed on to the workforce, which motivates them for pooling their efforts in a better manner, thus coming out with quality products. In fact this chain of events has been quite ably used by Primark to the advantage of its own business prospects as well as to the advantage of its workforce. Motivational theories discussed during the study clearly suggest that if the needs of the fellow human beings are taken care of, they are bound to come out with their optimum performance. Effective management of the workforce lends credence to the notion that a company is being managed professionally. Primark, while charging less from its customers, has maintained good industrial relations. As the returned questionnaire indicates, the workforce is not too unhappy with the HR policies of the company, which appear to be employee friendly. As pointed out in the study, the kind of attention paid to employees' care, by the MNCs is an indication towards the level of competition and the innovative methods devised to sail ahead in these competitive times. The higher levels of turnover of the workforce, in Parimark, could be explained by the fact that in an intensely competitive world the rival companies are always on the lookout for experienced workforce. The workforce, particularly the yout h segment, also is on the lookout for making quick bucks, so they don't attach too much importance to the loyalty part and hop on to the company with better payment packages. The higher levels of employee turnover also results in some cost escalation to the company, as it has to incur fresh costs on recruitment and training of the workforce. The newer workforce also requires some time to adjust to the working environment and this could have some effect on the efficiency of the service being provided to the customer. On the other hand, it can also be stated that the young blood brings renewed enthusiasm and more energy to the working environment. As the questionnaire points out the younger lot is there to make some quick money during their free time or vacation period. Therefore it good that Primark does attach too much loyalty strings to the job profile. This, in a way helps in offsetting the disadvantage resulting from the extra efforts being put into recruiting and retaining the work force. It goes to the credit of

Examine the economic issues surrounding the introduction of plain Essay

Examine the economic issues surrounding the introduction of plain packaging of cigarettes. Should this policy be introduced - Essay Example Plain Packaging of Cigarettes The plain packaging of this tobacco product is alternatively known as homogenous or generic packaging. The standardised packaging system of this form involves removal of all the lustre out of the presentation of the product. The branding for the cigarettes which is expressed mostly through the colours, the logos and the trademarks needs to be removed from the pack of cigarettes that finally reach the customer. The packaging should be done with a plain brown cover with the name of the brand printed in a uniform style in a predetermined size. Thus there is very little flexibility on part of the companies in presenting the products to the end users. Along with that the packs also contain mandated information about the ill effects of the product and the legal disclosures like the tax stamps. This concept of plain packaging had been proposed in countries like New Zealand, Canada and Australia since the end of 1980s (Voon, Mitchell, and Liberman, 2012, p. 12). These attempts were taken with the main motive of reducing the amount of consumption of tobacco in the countries. There have been various researches done during these years to determine the outcome of the introduction of plain packaging of tobacco products. ... Economics of Plain Packing of Cigarettes For any normal good, the change in the price of the product will have an effect on the quantity of the product consumed. When the prices increase people would consume less of that product. This is however not true in case of products which are addictive in nature. Even through the prices increase the quantity of the products consumed would not decrease. Thus the price elasticity of demand for the products would be zero. The economics of the plain packaging has been explained with the help of the following graphs. The demand for cigarettes would be an inelastic demand curve (Tucker, 2010, p. 140). This is because even though the prices of the cigarettes change the demand would remain more or less constant this is because people generally get addicted to tobacco and they cannot control the amount that they consume even on the increase of the price (Baumol and Blinder, 2009, p. 108). That means the smokers are insensitive to price changes. In the left panel of the graph the demand and supply curves have been drawn. (Perloff, 2011, p. 33) Now on the introduction of the plain packaging of the cigarettes the product will lose its appeal to the prospective smokers. As a result the smokers would be demanding less amount of cigarette. Therefore there would be a shift in the demand curve for cigarettes. In other words the number of smokers would reduce. However, the demand curve would remain inelastic because this reduction in demand would not be as result of the change in the prices but the reduction in the level of desire of the consumers to smoke. The demand for this product would remain restricted to those people who are addicted to smoking. Thus even if the supply curve

JpMorgan Case Essay Example for Free

JpMorgan Case Essay We trust banks to hold our money and to help make use get more in investment and other ways. One of the most trusted banks is J.P. Morgan Chase they are easily one of the most well-known banks that exist. J.P. Morgan Chase on May 10, 2012 disclosed that they had lost more than $2 billion by trading financial derivatives. The administrative agencies like the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) take action in order to be effective in preventing high-risk gambles in securities and banking, a foundation of the economy. We have to understand the elements of a valid contract, and discuss how consumers and banks each have a duty of good faith and fair dealing in the banking relationship. Having to compare and contrast the differences between intentional and negligent tort actions. I’ll discuss the tort action of â€Å"Interference with Contractual Relations and Participating in a Breach of Fiduciary duty† and, if the bank I’ve chosen were to behave as JP Morgan did, would I be able to prevail in such a tort action. Lastly let’s discuss how banks have protected the software that allows for online transaction to occur through automation.7 The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is a federal agency. It holds primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry, the nations stock and options exchanges, and other electronic securities markets in the United States. The SEC is divided into four divisions; The Division of Corporation Finance; the Division of Trading and Markets; the Division of Investment Management; and The Division of Enforcement. All the branches within the SEC carry similar  goals in terms of protecting individuals and ensuring financial fairness, each has their own specialty for instance, the Division of Corporate Finance is tasked with the assurance that all imperative disclosure of which represent a corporation are easily accessible by the general public. In addition, the Division of Trading and Markets ensure fairness, order and efficiency in market activities. Much like the design of the SEC, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CF TC) is also inherently designed to ensure the public, its consumers, and investors are protected from coercion, manipulation, fraud, and/or any other forms of dishonest dealings between manufacturer and consumers/investors. The CFTC is noted to be an independent federal agency established by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974. Again, similar to the design of the SEC, the CFTC is comprised of five different committees, each of which are responsible for a different area of trade and marketing; for example, agriculture, global markets, energy and environmental markets and technology all of which are equally as responsible as the next for ensuring full cooperation and adherence to laws set forth by the SEC. Though banking is the most common method in which most people handle and maintain their finances, there are also equally as many that take their money to invest in stocks, bonds, and the like which do not carry a sound guarantee that they will make a profit or even keep their initial investment monies. Consequently, past dealings with investor types result in unfair and fraudulent losses and even erroneous gains such as the ones reported by JP Morgan Chase, the purpose of the SEC and CFTC alike become abundantly clear. With the utilization of these two particular securities, investors, consumers, and even marketers are able to rest easier knowing that there are serious legal, unfair and blatantly dishonest dealings within the marketplace. In an effort to maintain honest correspondence and dealings with the capital market, both of these require that all earnings and losses should be reported; at which point, there can be a recognition and determination of any imbalanced and deceitful dealings having taken place. The following are the essential elements of a valid contract. Offer and Acceptance. In order to create a valid contract, there must be a lawful offer by one party and lawful acceptance of the same by the other party  Intention to Create Legal Relationship. In case, there is no such intention on the part of parties, there is no contract. Agreements of social or domestic nature do not contemplate legal relations. Lawful Consideration has been defined in various ways. The parties to an agreement must be competent the contract. If either of the parties does not have the capacity to contract, the contract is not valid. Free Consent means the parties must have agreed upon the same thing in the same sense. In the banking context, this means among other things that a bank could call a loan, refuse to fund, refuse to roll over a loan, set off accounts, etc., no matter how drastic the consequences might be to the borrower. As long as the banks accept them expressly within the granted rights under the controlling loan documents. That may no longer be the case. With the advent of mobile banking, discuss how banks have protected the software that allows for online transaction to occur through automation. The first area, financial accounting, is used mainly for ascertaining the results of any such business on a periodic basis. This should as a result; help the company determine the future course of action, in the long term. From an economic perspective, financial accounting treats money as a factor of production. Management and cost accounting are apparatus used to help management make decisions on a day to day basis. Management and cost accounting aren’t useful simply for their own sake. These two functions help management conduct themselves along with other vital factors involved in the running of a business. Other key factors could be supply, demand, competitors, availability of raw materials, logistics etc. The second area is cost accounting, its primary purpose is to attain the value of direct and indirect costs involved in production. The value acquired, management can make an informed decision on improvement in production performance. From an economic perspective, cost accounting is the measurement of economic performance. This information gives management a clearer indication of the performance of the product resources in the business. Costing also helps the sales manage in setting the correct price. But, because costing is solely a measurement of economic performance, it cant be considered as an accurate basis for setting prices. Selling prices is more of an economic decision it would not be wrong to mention that pricing is basically determined by market  factors. Prices are influenced mainly on demand, supply and competition, less on costs. High demand plus lack of competition would result in the business charging higher prices for its product, well above the costs. The third area is management accounting, which is related closely to cost accounting. It has evolved from cost accounting; management accounting plays a much broader role in management decisions. It measures the performance, economically, of the whole business, the economic environment that the business operates in. This area of accounting, seeks to combine both financial and cost information into a much broader function. Compare and contrast the differences between intentional and negligent tort actions. Intentional torts and negligence towards both give rise to civil actions. However, there are some important differences to understand about negligence versus intentional torts. Negligence torts do not require intent. To determine if someone should be found liable for a negligence tort, a reasonable person standard is used. If the defendants behavior is found to be less careful than behavior a reasonable person would exhibit, that defendant can be found liable for damages. Intentional torts require intent. The person who committed to tort must have intended to cause harm. The harm, however, did not need to be the specific type of harm that was caused to you. The other major difference between intentional and negligence torts, aside from the standard of proof, is that in many cases, a person who is found liable for an intentional tort can be required to pay punitive damages in addition to actual damage s. Discuss the tort action of â€Å"Interference with Contractual Relations and Participating in a Breach of Fiduciary duty† and, if the bank you’ve chosen were to behave as JP Morgan did, would you be able to prevail in such a tort action. The tort of interference with contractual relations and participating protects the right to enjoy the benefits of legally binding agreements. I have chosen a bank like JP Morgan and they did what he I would not took it very well. I invested money and knowing that JP losses that money I would wind up probably suing them. But providing a remedy when the defendant intentionally induces another person to breach a contract with the plaintiff. The defendant must know of the existence of the contract between the plaintiff and the other person, or there must be a sufficient fact that a reasonable person would be led to believe that such  contract existed. Interference with the contractual relations requires an unacceptable purpose. If good grounds are set and exist for the interference then the defendant is not liable. But as for J.P. Morgan there were no good rounds so the defendant is liable. So if I were to go to court over this I would not win and neither would J.P we would just be both out of the loss money that was invested. In conclusion when you invest money in a bank Think to you self is it a good idea or is it not a good idea. We all make investments just need to make sure it in the right bank that you can trust. J.P Morgan had a down fall and loss a ton of money but in the end they had to deal with the fines and the investors. When in drought don’t invest your money unless you really have to. References: Bagley / Savage 2013 Custom Edition http://money.cnn.com/2012/05/10/news/companies/jp-morgan-losses/index.htm http://www.thedailybeast.com/

Politics of and Without Difference Essay -- Politics Political Multicu

Politics of and Without Difference The sociological concepts of "Politics of Difference" and "Politics Without Difference" are more similar than their names suggest, but they are at the same time extremely different. Both political ideals come from progressive civil rights principles beginning during the Enlightenment in Europe and evolving throughout The Civil Rights Movement in the United States in the 60's. The fundamental basis of the two concepts is that all people are created equal, and that all people should have equal political and civil rights. The disagreement between proponents of these two concepts begins with the question "Is it possible that the ideal of equal treatment of all persons under the law and the attempt to eliminate group differences under the law in fact perpetuates oppression of certain groups?" (Harris, 1995). Supporters of the ideal of "Politics of Difference" argue that the answer to this question is yes. Without minimizing the value of the concept of assimilation central to the "Politics Without Difference" ideal, the supporters of "Politics of Difference" feel that it has at times prevented full equality for some oppressed groups. By definition, the ideal of "Politics Without Difference" is a concept of total assimilation of every group so that no readily identifiable majority is evident. Supporters promote the equal treatment of all groups as the primary way to achieve justice. This concept asserts the equal moral worth of all persons (regardless of their group characteristics) and the right of all to participate in the institutions of society (Harris). Supporters of "Politics of Difference", while conceding the value of the ideal, contend that it has not truly liberated some oppressed g... ...ferences will always be a major factor in Texas school policy development. South Texas must lead the way for the rest of the state in truly including every group and overcoming cultural differences. Stakes are higher here than in any other region in Texas. The futures of generations of children in Texas are our legacy whether we win or lose in our efforts to meet everyone's needs. References Astuto, T. A., Clark, D. L., Read, A. McGree, K., Fernandez, L. P., (1994). Roots of reform: Challenging the assumptions that control change in education. P. 26. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. Bloomington, Indiana. Kerchis, C., Z., and Young, I., M., (1995). Social movements and the politics of difference. In D. A. Harris (Ed.), Multiculturalism from the margins: Non-dominant voices on difference and diversity (pp. 1-28). Westport, Conn., Bergin and Garvey.

Preparation and Sn1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane

Preparation and SN1 Reactivity of 2-Bromobutane Whitney Bellido Department of Chemistry, Illinois State University, Normal, IL 61790-4160 Submitted: April 4th, 2013 Introduction The overall goal of this experiment is to understand and be familiar of SN1 reactivity. We also learned how to prepare 2-Bromobutane by learning how to distill and extract this product from its organic layer. Finally, another goal was to specifically understand the relative reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions by reacting the alkyl halide and silver nitrate in ethanol.Results and Discussion The Overall Reaction The Proposed Mechanism Experimental Procedure To prepare the 2-Bromobutane you must fill a 100 mL round bottom flask with 20 mL of 12M sulfuric acid and 7. 4 mL of 2-butanol. Then add 8. 0 g of ammonium bromide along with a magnetic stir bar. Then attach the flask to the apparatus, which is mounted on a Thermowell over a stirrer and a condenser attached to it, along with the thermometer in the flask. Then the mixture was heated at 90oC then kept at the range of 90oC-100oC for 30 minutes.When that is completed add 20 mL of water into the flask to perform a simple distillation to collect the distillate in a graduated cylinder, keep doing this until there is no more 2-Bromobutane collected. Use a Pasteur pipette to draw off the organic layer to another container. Add the potassium carbonate to allow the liquid to dry by swirling it. Once this is completed the reactivity of alkyl halides under SN1 conditions was tested. Adding two drops of our product and the other different compounds into different test tubes along with 1mL of ethanolic silver nitrate reagent.We are comparing these by seeing how they react and if there is no reaction after 5 minutes we will place the test tubes in a beaker of water that is heated at a temperature of 70oC-80oC and observe what happens. Experimental Stoichiometry Compound| Molecular Weight| Quantity| Moles| 2-Butanol| 74. 122 g/mol| 7. 41 mL (6. 01 g)| 0. 081| Sulfuric Acid| 98. 079 g/mol| 20. 1 mL| 0. 242| Ammonium Bromide | 97. 94 g/mol| 8. 02 g| 0. 082| The limiting reagent is the 2-Butanol. Yield Data Product Name| 2-Bromobutane | Molecular Weight| 137. 02 g/mol| Boiling Point Range| 89Â °C-91Â °C|Theoretical Yield (Moles)| 0. 081 moles| Theoretical Yield (grams)| 11. 09 grams| Actual Yield (grams)| 6. 84 grams| Actual Yield (moles)| 0. 05 moles| Percent Yield| 62%| NMR table Signal| Chemical Shift (ppm)| Multiplicity | Integration | A| 4. 1 ppm| Sextet| 1| B| 1. 85 ppm| Pentet| 2| C| 1. 7 ppm| Doublet| 3| D| 1. 05 ppm| Triplet| 3| Reactivity of Alkyl Halides Compound| Room Temperature| Heating| 1-Bromobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was a cloudy whitish color but no precipitate formed| After 5 minutes, it changed into a yellow color with precipitate formed. 2-Bromobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was a light yellowish color and a precipitate formed instantly. | Not Heated| 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane| After 30 seconds, the mixture was yellow and a precipitate formed instantly. | Not Heated | Compound| Room Temperature| Heating| 1-Chlorobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was clear. | After 5 minutes, the color changed slightly to white and lightly cloudy. | 2-Bromobutane | After 30 seconds, the mixture was a white cloudy color and formed a precipitate instantly. Not Heated| 2-Iodobutane| After 30 seconds, the mixture was yellow and precipitated instantly. | Not Heated| Conclusion In conclusion, the SN1 reaction of 2-Bromobutane was performed. According to the Yield Data table, when the actual yield and theoretical yield are calculated we can get the percent yield, which was 62%. At least this number was higher than 50%; I can understand how this could have happened. When I was drying the reagent with potassium carbonate, prior to that I had put the other pellets, which were calcium chloride on accident.This probably affected my percent yield also with the fact that the temper ature was not well maintained it kept fluctuating under 90OC. According to the reactivity of alkyl halides, the results of these tables can concluded the theories of the conditions of SN1 reactions. The first table states that the tertiary carbocation are more stable which allows this reaction to perform faster than second and primary structured carbocations. Then the second table can concludes that iodine is the best leaving group because it is a much weaker base than the bromide ion and chloride ion causing it to react faster.